Native HSA and glycated-HSA emission spectra were obtained in the range of 360C600?nm under excitation at 360?nm

Native HSA and glycated-HSA emission spectra were obtained in the range of 360C600?nm under excitation at 360?nm. To calculate the percent inhibition of AGEs formation by various concentrations of AgNPs, the MG-modified sample was used as a positive control. carboxymethyl lysine (CML) content, and the effects on protein structure using various physicochemical techniques. The results showed that AgNPs significantly inhibit AGEs formation in a concentration dependent manner and that AgNPs have a positive effect on protein structure. These findings strongly suggest that AgNPs may play a therapeutic role in diabetes-related complications. The Maillard reaction is a nonenzymatic reaction of reducing sugars with amino groups of biological macromolecules. This process, which is also known as glycation, involves post-translation protein modification and may be responsible for a variety of diseases. The reaction is initiated by the reversible formation of a Schiff base between a reducing sugar and the amino group of a protein, DNA and lipoproteins1,2,3. The relatively unstable Schiff base undergoes rearrangement to form a more stable Amadori product, which in turn undergoes a series of reactions to form advanced glycation end products (AGEs)4,5. The accumulation of these AGEs in long-lived tissue is thought to be involved in diabetic complications and aging6. The Maillard reaction is found to be instigated by several sugar and non-sugar metabolites. Methylglyoxal (MG) is one of the most reactive metabolites that are involved in the formation of AGEs. It is generated during several enzymatic and nonenzymatic processes like glycolytic pathway, autoxidation of sugars and during all stages of the Maillard reaction7,8. Very high MG concentration has been detected in the lens, blood and kidney of diabetic patients9. For instance, 5C6 and 2C3 fold increases of MG was noted in Type I and II diabetic patients, respectively, as Harpagide compared to their normal counterparts7,9. Considering its high reactivity with proteins and presence of significant amounts of MG in the plasma (0.1?mM), MG may play as one of the major glycating agents in the body10. Moreover, it was found that MG glycated the receptor proteins located on the surface of cytoplasmic membrane of macrophages11. Since AGEs contribute to the onset of several diseases, including diabetic complications12, inhibitors to prevent the formation of AGEs have been extensively investigated over the last few years to minimize their involvement in diseases. Notable potential anti-glycating agents have been reported, including aminoguanidine13, aspirin14, vitamin B615, taurine16, quercetin17 and anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen18. Nanotechnology, an interdisciplinary research field involving chemistry, engineering, biology, and medicine, has great potential for early detection, accurate diagnosis and personalized treatment of cancer and other diseases19. Nanoparticles (NPs), which are 100 to 10,000 times smaller than human cells, offer unprecedented interactions with biomolecules on both the surface and inside of the cells. AgNPs have Harpagide been used for numerous physical, biological, and pharmaceutical applications because their small size and similarity to cellular components enables them to enter living cells using cellular endocytosis mechanisms, especially pinocytosis20. Interestingly, AgNPs have been reported to exhibit antibiofilm21, anticancer22, antibacterial23,24 antimicrobial25, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities26,27,28. A previous study showed that silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were potential inhibitors of AGEs formation29. This study was conducted to provide direct evidence of the inhibitory strength of AgNPs in HSA (human serum albumin) glycation using various physicochemical techniques. This information was obtained by the detection of AGE-absorbance and Harpagide fluorescence, estimation of CML, side chain modification of HSA and study of the secondary structure of HSA after incubation with MG in the presence or absence of varying concentrations of PIK3R5 AgNPs. Materials and Methods Preparation of the leaf extract Aloe vera was selected for the biosynthesis of AgNPs because of its cost effectiveness, ease of availability and medicinal properties. Biosynthesis was conducted as previously described, with minor modifications30. Fresh and healthy leaves were collected locally and rinsed thoroughly with tap water followed by doubled distilled water to remove all dust and unwanted visible particles, after which.