{"id":1102,"date":"2026-04-25T21:35:27","date_gmt":"2026-04-25T21:35:27","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/littleheroesfoundation.org\/?p=1102"},"modified":"2026-04-25T21:35:27","modified_gmt":"2026-04-25T21:35:27","slug":"nidulansto-dcb-as-described-for-herb-cells7173-might-take-place-through-a-mechanism-similar-to-the-one-described-in-plants","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/littleheroesfoundation.org\/?p=1102","title":{"rendered":"\ufeffnidulansto DCB, as described for herb cells[71][73], might take place through a mechanism similar to the one described in plants"},"content":{"rendered":"

\ufeffnidulansto DCB, as described for herb cells[71][73], might take place through a mechanism similar to the one described in plants. different time points of drug exposure (i.e.0, 1, 3, 6 and 24 h), revealed increased expression for the putative mixed linkage -1,3;1,4 glucan synthasecelAtogether with the -1,3-glucan synthasefksAand the Rho-related GTPaserhoA. We also compared these data with the response to Congo Red, a known herb\/fungal drug affecting both chitin and cellulose biosynthesis. The two drugs exerted different effects at the cell wall level, as shown by gene expression analysis and the ultrastructural features observed through atomic pressure microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Although the concentration of anti-TB agent 1 dichlobenil required to impact growth ofA. nidulansis approximately 10-fold higher than that required to inhibit herb cellulose biosynthesis, our work for the first time demonstrates that a cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor affects fungal growth, changes fungal morphology and expression of genes connected to fungal cell wall biosynthesis. == Introduction == The fungal cell wall is a structure which plays a key role in coordinating cell growth and development. It can be schematically described as an intricate network of polysaccharides to which proteins are covalently or non-covalently associated[1]. It maintains fungal cell shape, contributes to osmoregulation, provides fungi with support and a physical barrier against mechanical stress and at the same time regulates processes like biofilm formation and adhesion to surfaces[1][2]. Fungal cell walls share a common backbone architecture, characterized by the occurrence of major structural polysaccharides, namely glucans, chitin\/chitosan and mannans, associated with an amorphous matrix, made up of proteins and other polysaccharides[3]. Despite this common structure, the actual fungal wall composition is species-specific[4]. Fungal cell wall components have been shown to evolve faster than core metabolic genes[4], probably pushed by adaptive divergence to suit the broad variety of environmental anti-TB agent 1 niches that fungi colonize. Cell walls are indeed the outermost structures which are directly exposed to environmental constraints. Therefore, by responding to external stimuli and biotic\/abiotic selective forces, they determine both fungal cell adaptation and the evolutionary success of a specific lineage[4]. Fungal walls are the result of the combined action of a set of core housekeeping-like genes, which are highly conserved among different anti-TB agent 1 fungal lineages, and a set of poorly conserved accessory-like genes[4]. Examples of housekeeping-like genes are those coding for wall biosynthetic enzymes (e.g. glycan synthases), while those encoding noncatalytic wall components (e.g. adhesins) belong to the repertoire of accessory-like genes[4]. The model filamentous fungusAspergillus nidulansinvestigated in this work belongs to the Ascomycota phylum. Ascomycetous cell walls are bilayered, with a core containing load-bearing polysaccharides providing mechanical support to fungal cells and an outer layer of glycoproteins[1],[5]. The main polysaccharides in the wall ofA. nidulansare -1,3-, -1,3;1,4- and -1,6-glucans, chitin and -1,3-glucans[6][8]and many of the genes involved in their biosynthesis have been functionally characterized[9][30]. Chitin synthase genes (chs) of fungal origin have been assigned to seven distinct groups, I to VII[26],[31]. This high diversity ofchsis explained by their physiological roles, since different fungalchshave been shown to regulate several crucial developmental phases, as well as the formation of specific cellular structures[12][13],[17][18],[21],[24],[26],[32]. A recent genome-wide survey of cell wall-related genes inA. nidulans[1]has shown, among other cell wall-related genes, the occurrence of a putative -1,3;1,4 glucan synthase, namedcelA(ANID_08444), together with a richchsrepertoire and one -1,3 glucan synthase (fksA, ANID_03729)[33]. Functional characterizations ofcelAandfksAare still lacking inA. nidulans, however the occurrence of single genes (as opposed to the variety ofchsexisting in this model fungus) points to a particular, probably morphologically relevant role in wall biosynthesis. Much attention has been traditionally paid and is still devoted to inhibitors specifically targeting the fungal cell wall, as they represent promising tools for the development of strategies Il1b<\/a> anti-TB agent 1<\/a> to control the spread of threatening species[34]. As an example, one of the chief wall load-bearing polysaccharides, chitin, does not appear in the hosts of most fungal pathogens, therefore its underlying biosynthetic enzymes and pathways represent optimal targets for antifungals[35]. However, despite the great potential held by wall biosynthetic enzymes as target of potential antifungals, it is necessary to consider the high plasticity and dynamism shown by fungi in response to wall perturbing agents[36]. Several studies in literature have shown that exposure of.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\ufeffnidulansto DCB, as described for herb cells[71][73], might take place through a mechanism similar to the one described in plants. different time points of drug exposure (i.e.0, 1, 3, 6 and 24 h), revealed increased expression for the … <\/p>\n

Continue reading “\ufeffnidulansto DCB, as described for herb cells[71][73], might take place through a mechanism similar to the one described in plants”<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[35],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1102","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-androgen-receptors"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/littleheroesfoundation.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1102","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/littleheroesfoundation.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/littleheroesfoundation.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/littleheroesfoundation.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/littleheroesfoundation.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1102"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/littleheroesfoundation.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1102\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1103,"href":"https:\/\/littleheroesfoundation.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1102\/revisions\/1103"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/littleheroesfoundation.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1102"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/littleheroesfoundation.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1102"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/littleheroesfoundation.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1102"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}